第519章 对辽金融战(2 / 2)

在前文讲高骈搞崩溃西川经济的时候,提到了“短陌钱”,继而引申了部分金融学常识,例如“钱荒”。随着经济的蓬勃发展和金融市场的快速运转,“钱荒”是必然产生的结果,而“短陌钱”就等于朝廷以政府信用为抵押,发行“影子货币”,凭空创造了虚拟货币。

随着天福年间的经济复苏,到了天福三年(938),“钱荒”的问题愈演愈烈。于此同时,契丹对后晋的经济盘剥也加剧了这一金融困境。

契丹在中原设置了“回图务”,掌管契丹与中原的贸易,相当于今天的外贸部的驻外办事处。在当时,外贸主要由政府牵头,主要是在边境地区,设置诸如“榷场”之类的特殊交易所,负责与外族贸易。

外族使团通常会赶着牛羊骆驼,带着外贸商品,在这类交易所中与中原商人进行贸易,特别是国家层面的大宗商品,中央政府以这种方式既能稳定物价,保护国内经济秩序,又能控制战略物资的流失,一举多得。

当契丹拥立石敬瑭建立后晋之后,这种局面发生了变化,主导权从中原王朝手中丧失,改由契丹人主导。

契丹在中原境内设置回图务,是对中原王朝的经济侵略,严重影响了中原王朝的外汇管制,从而影响中原的金融秩序。使得中原成了契丹的经济半殖民地。

其负责官员名为“回图使”,后晋建立之初,契丹任命乔荣为回图使。乔荣原为河阳牙将,随赵德钧、赵延寿父子投降契丹。前文提到过的闽国货物被后晋扣押,契丹无理干涉,命石敬瑭释放闽国使节,被扣的货物就由乔荣负责转运到契丹。

实际上“回图使”大概就相当于清末的“买办”,表面上是贸易官员,实际就是经济侵略的排头兵。因为他们维护的不是公平的贸易秩序,而是契丹的利益,必要时候,甚至不惜损害中原王朝的主权。

回图务的设置,可以让契丹不受任何阻碍的攫取中原财富,同时向中原倾销大量劣质商品,低买高卖、强买强卖。

货币、汇率等,是一个国家的金融高边疆,绝对不容许被外部势力控制。杀人于无形,灭国于无影。

在契丹贪婪地吸血之下,中原王朝货币严重短缺,用以流通用的铜严重匮乏。

对此,石敬瑭想出两个办法。

其一,是“禁铜器”。

禁止民间把铜钱熔化,铸造铜器。这样就可以轻微地缓解“钱荒”问题。但这是治标不治本,因为造成“钱荒”的根本原因是经济的快速发展,以及契丹的经济侵略,而不是老百姓把铜钱铸成铜器。

隔靴搔痒,成效欠佳。

于是,就有了第二招,开放“钱禁”。

天福三年(938)11月,下诏,允许百姓私造铜钱,以“天福元宝”为文。老百姓只要有铜,就可以自己铸造铜钱,只要上面写着“天福元宝”,就可以流通,与朝廷发行的货币等值流通。

12月,再下诏书,命令天下无论民间还是官府,凡是有铜器的,如寺庙的铜像等,一律鼓励铸造成铜钱。

半年后(939年7月),下诏停止民间私铸。理由是总有刁民想害朕,民间总是制造“假币”,在铜钱里掺杂铅、锡等杂物,并且铸造的铜钱很薄,所以予以取缔。

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