第章 善加变换(1 / 2)

秦国按照商鞅设计的军功爵有十八个层级,分为两个序列。

第一个序列是赐给军中的校、徒、操、出公等勤杂人员的爵位,由“小夫”和一级公士两个爵组成;第二个序列是赐给战斗兵的爵位,包括二级上造、三级簪袅、四级不更、五级大夫、六级官大夫,七级公大夫,八级公乘,九级五大夫,十级客卿(左庶长),十一正卿(右庶长),十二级大庶长,十三级左更,十四级中更,十五级右更,十六级少上造,十七级大良造(大上造)。

其中二级上造至四级不更都是“卒”,五级大夫及以上都属于军官。秦始皇一统天下后,把原先的小夫、客卿、正卿等爵位剔除,又把关内侯、彻侯等纳入军功爵体系,才正式形成拥有二十个层级军功爵。

晋级规则是当你只是一名无爵士兵时,必须听伍长指挥,跟其他战友协同作战。如果自己脑袋一热就冲出去,会乱了百人队的行次,先被执行战场纪律。秦国军法,每伍若有一人阵亡,其他四人有罪, 如果每人杀死一个敌兵就能免罪。

因此,你脑子里必须想着先保护同伍的战友, 而不是如何砍敌人的脑袋。伍长、什长、屯长、百将同样得服从上级的指挥, 让干嘛就干嘛。除非部队建制被打乱, 否则你无法像打擂台那样跟敌兵单挑,一切都得按战术配合走。

双方大军交战最终会分解为万人阵、千人队、百人队、什伍小队之间的厮杀。按照战国兵法“斗一守二”的兵力分配原则, 只有三分之一的兵力会直接投入战斗。大部分士兵主要是作为预备队围观、追击或撤退,不一定捞得到脑袋砍。而直接参战者受限于固定的战术位置,能斩首一两级就很不错了。想挣军功爵的同袍太多, 竞争有点激烈。

军功爵法规定,无爵的士伍斩首一级就晋爵一级,想做官的可以做五十石之官(相当于伍长),斩首二级就晋爵二级, 有资格做百石之官(相当于什长)。当你成为伍长时,会增加一个指标。全伍杀敌多过损失才记军功,杀敌和损失相当则无功无过,损失多于杀敌则集体有罪。

当你升迁到屯长和百将级别的指挥官时, 自己不得到敌兵首级就要被斩首。而且你个人斩首二十三级, 也不能确保自己能晋爵。因为商君之法规定,你的百人队必须击败敌军并斩首三十三人以上, 才能“盈论”, 也这就是达到奖励条件。百将和屯长才能晋爵一级。

当你做将军时, 盈论标准变为攻城战要斩首八千以上,野战斩首二千。只要达到标准, 上至统兵大将, 下至后勤杂役都能得到奖赏。也就是说,秦将不仅要打胜仗, 并且歼灭至少数千敌军才有晋爵的资格。大多数军官受限于指挥能力,永远停留在较低的层级。

所以这种‘盈论’设计的就很有技巧,使许多勇敢的锐士, 绩效考核不“盈论”而得不到晋爵, 也让许多名将感慨封侯之难,使的秦时庶长爵几乎是将军的代名词。而随着爵职进一步分离, 即便担任高级武官的人, 也未必能得到大良造爵。

灭蜀名将司马错功劳大吧?但他做邦尉时只是相当于左庶长的客卿爵。白起攻克新城后从左庶长迁为左更, 爵位高于司马错, 后其再立战功迁为大良造。司马错已经改任秩级二千石的上郡守,但他只是军功爵中的左更。而长平之战时的秦军副将王龁才是左庶长,首攻邯郸的将军王陵只是五大夫。

由于军功爵最高只到大良造,白起虽屡立奇功,却多年没能再晋爵。其他武将做到左庶长后,也只有立下重要战功的几位佼佼者能继续晋爵。武安君封号和商君一样,是只有极少数人在军功爵封顶后,才能享受的特殊待遇。这也是王翦抱怨封侯难的根本原因。

商鞅将规则制定的如此严苛,是因为担心秦军胜仗打多了,导致朝廷没有那么多土地和爵位封赏吗?赵昺以为不是, 起码设立初期秦国没有这样的担心。

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