第八百七十三章 不能生搬硬套(1 / 2)

“当时的人也没有什么地主的概念,一般将占地百亩以上,纳税一贯以上的人家,称作上户,而将不超过五十亩的四五等户,称作下户。”

“还有一个重大问题,就是人口比例。叶适的调查里,一等户只有百分之零点五,二等户百分之三,三等户百分之八,四等百分之十,五等百分之四十四,剩下百分之三十八为客户。”

“所以大家觉得,这些人里边,那些应该算作地主呢”

这个问题的确有趣,将所有正户算作地主,明显是不合理的,因为那样地主就占了全国人口的百分之六十二,不符合金字塔社会原则了。

可是如果将四五等户刨出来算自耕农的话,他们户均占有土地都在二十亩到一百亩左右,平均下来有三十多亩。

平均三十多亩一家的贫下中农

真正属于雇佣关系的,是那百分之三十八的客户,这里边其实还应该刨掉一半长期固定租种国家土地的那部分,剩下的最多只有百分之二十。

这就更加有趣了,百分之十二的上户剥削百分之二十的客户,和百分之六十八的自耕农自食其力,这两种关系里边,到底哪种才该算是中国封建社会主要的社会关系

见小伙伴们都思考起来,周至知道效果达到了,这才笑道“还是那句话,我们不能以今套古,但同样也不能以古套今啊具体情况还是要具体分析。”

“对标到近代的话,恐怕只有当时的上户才称得上地主。而剩下的家庭,虽然看上去田亩不少,却因为地下的劳动生产力,只能算作自耕农。”

“说了这么多,其实就是想表达我们中国有自己的特殊情况。幅员辽阔,大一统时间长,在绝大多数历史时期,各个地方的发展从来都是不均衡的,因此西哲口中的线性发展的人类社会类型,在我们中国从来都不是单一的,从来都是同时存在着的。”

“这种存在,还不仅仅是单指地域上的区别,除了有可能这个地方已经资本主义萌芽了,那个地方还在奴隶制,封建制外;就算在同一个城市里边,奴隶主仆关系,封建依附关系,商品社会雇佣关系,自给自足小农家庭关系等多种社会关系,也同时存在。”

“你甚至都无法不经过详细调查,就武断地说出那种关系才是当地主要的社会关系。”

“因此治理这样一个国家,就不能不考虑独特的实际情况,任何所谓的已有成功经验,都不能生搬硬套。”

“回到刚刚的那个问题我们就能够发现,拿我们现在能接触到的社会经济学原理去硬套中国通史,可以说是格格不入。”

“比如关于封建社会的定义,西方是将土地所有权归于封建领主的名下为特征,而中国自秦以后就采用了郡县制,或者说郡县制为主,分封制为辅了。”

“按照改良后的定义来看,封建社会的特征是经济为自然经济,以土地为基础,农业手工业结合,以家庭为生产单位,具有自我封闭性,独立性,满足自身为主的经济结构。”

“这种结构中的关键生产资料大部分掌握在地主或封建领主的手中,故而能够形成地主剥削农民的阶级关系。”

“问题就出在这最后一句,在中国,既然唐均田令开始,国家就以法律的形式规定了全天下的丁亩标准,那么关键生产资料大部分掌握在地主或封建领主的手中,故而能够形成地主剥削农民的阶级关系这句话,就有问题。”

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